# Randomness

Music needs surprise. A pattern that plays identically every time gets boring fast. Cagire has a rich set of words for injecting randomness and controlled variation into your sequences.

## Random Numbers

`coin` pushes 0 or 1 with equal probability:

```forth
;; sometimes, reverb
sine sound
( 0.5 verb ) coin ?
1 decay
.
```

`rand` takes a range and returns a random value. If both bounds are integers, the result is an integer. If either is a float, you get a float:

```forth
60 72 rand note sine s .5 decay .   ;; random MIDI note from 60 to 72
0.3 0.9 rand gain sine s .5 decay . ;; random gain between 0.3 and 0.9
```

`exprand` and `logrand` give you weighted distributions. `exprand` is biased toward the low end, `logrand` toward the high end:

```forth
200.0 8000.0 exprand freq sine s .5 decay . ;; mostly low frequencies
200.0 8000.0 logrand freq sine s .5 decay . ;; mostly high frequencies
```

These are useful for parameters where perception is logarithmic, like frequency and duration.

## Conditional Execution

The probability words take a quotation and execute it with some chance. `chance` takes a float from 0.0 to 1.0, `prob` takes a percentage from 0 to 100:

```forth
( hat s . ) 0.25 chance    ;; 25% chance
( kick s . ) 75 prob        ;; 75% chance
```

Named probability words save you from remembering numbers:

| Word | Probability |
|------|------------|
| `always` | 100% |
| `almostAlways` | 90% |
| `often` | 75% |
| `sometimes` | 50% |
| `rarely` | 25% |
| `almostNever` | 10% |
| `never` | 0% |

```forth
( hat s . ) often          ;; 75%
( snare s . ) sometimes    ;; 50%
( clap s . ) rarely        ;; 25%
```

`always` and `never` are useful when you want to temporarily mute or unmute a voice without deleting code. Change `sometimes` to `never` to silence it, `always` to bring it back.

Use `?` and `!?` with `coin` for quick coin-flip decisions:

```forth
( hat s . ) coin ?     ;; execute if coin is 1
( rim s . ) coin !?    ;; execute if coin is 0
```

## Selection

`choose` picks randomly from n items on the stack:

```forth
kick snare hat 3 choose s .                 ;; random drum hit
60 64 67 72 4 choose note sine s .5 decay . ;; random note from a set
```

When a chosen item is a quotation, it gets executed:

```forth
( 0.1 decay ) ( 0.5 decay ) ( 0.9 decay ) 3 choose
sine s .
```

`wchoose` lets you assign weights to each option. Push value/weight pairs:

```forth
kick 0.5  snare 0.3  hat 0.2  3 wchoose s .
```

Kick plays 50% of the time, snare 30%, hat 20%. Weights don't need to sum to 1 -- they're normalized automatically.

`shuffle` randomizes the order of n items on the stack:

```forth
60 64 67 72 4 shuffle    ;; stack now has the same 4 values in random order
```

Combined with `note`, this gives you a random permutation of a chord every time the step runs.

## Periodic Execution

`every` runs a quotation once every n pattern iterations:

```forth
( crash s . ) 4 every    ;; crash cymbal every 4th iteration
```

`except` is the inverse -- it runs a quotation on all iterations *except* every nth:

```forth
( 2 distort ) 4 except    ;; distort on all iterations except every 4th
```

`every+` and `except+` take an extra offset argument to shift the phase:

```forth
( snare s . ) 4 2 every+     ;; fires at iter 2, 6, 10, 14...
( snare s . ) 4 2 except+    ;; skips at iter 2, 6, 10, 14...
```

Without the offset, `every` fires at 0, 4, 8... The offset shifts that by 2, so it fires at 2, 6, 10... This lets you interleave patterns that share the same period:

```forth
( kick s . ) 4 every         ;; kick at 0, 4, 8...
( snare s . ) 4 2 every+     ;; snare at 2, 6, 10...
```

`bjork` and `pbjork` use Bjorklund's algorithm to distribute k hits across n positions as evenly as possible. Classic Euclidean rhythms:

```forth
( hat s . ) 3 8 bjork     ;; tresillo: x..x..x. (by step runs)
( hat s . ) 5 8 pbjork    ;; cinquillo: x.xx.xx. (by pattern iterations)
```

`bjork` counts by step runs (how many times this particular step has played). `pbjork` counts by pattern iterations. Some classic patterns:

| k | n | Name |
|---|---|------|
| 3 | 8 | tresillo |
| 5 | 8 | cinquillo |
| 5 | 16 | bossa nova |
| 7 | 16 | samba |

## Seeding

By default, every run produces different random values. Use `seed` to make randomness reproducible:

```forth
42 seed
60 72 rand note sine s .    ;; always the same "random" note
```

The seed is set at the start of the script. Same seed, same sequence. Useful when you want a specific random pattern to repeat.

## Combining Words

The real power comes from mixing techniques. A hi-hat pattern with ghost notes:

```forth
hat s
( 0.3 0.6 rand gain ) ( 0.8 gain ) 2 cycle
.
```

Full volume on even runs, random quiet on odd runs.

A bass line that changes every 4 bars:

```forth
( c2 note ) ( e2 note ) ( g2 note ) ( a2 note ) 4 pcycle
( 0.5 decay ) often
sine s .
```

Layered percussion with different densities:

```forth
( kick s . ) always
( snare s . ) 2 every
( hat s . ) 5 8 bjork
( rim s . ) rarely
```

A melodic step with weighted note selection and random timbre:

```forth
c4 0.4  e4 0.3  g4 0.2  b4 0.1  4 wchoose note
0.3 0.7 rand decay
1.0 4.0 exprand harmonics
modal s .
```

The root note plays most often. Higher chord tones are rarer. Decay and harmonics vary continuously.