Modulation

Modulation effects vary parameters over time using LFOs or envelopes.

Vibrato

Vibrato modulates pitch with an LFO.

saw 5 vib 0.5 vibmod .       ( 5 Hz, 0.5 semitone depth )

Parameter	Range	Description
`vib`	Hz	LFO rate
`vibmod`	semitones	Modulation depth
`vibshape`	shape	LFO waveform (sine, tri, saw, square)

The pitch envelope applies an ADSR to the oscillator frequency.

sine 100 freq 24 penv 0.001 patt 0.1 pdec .

Glide interpolates between pitch changes over time.

saw c4 0.1 glide .           ( 100ms glide )

Parameter	Range	Description
`glide`	seconds	Glide time

FM modulates the carrier frequency with a modulator oscillator.

sine 440 freq 2 fm 2 fmh .   ( modulator at 2× carrier frequency )

Parameter	Range	Description
`fm`	0+	Modulation index
`fmh`	ratio	Harmonic ratio (modulator / carrier)
`fmshape`	shape	Modulator waveform

FM has its own envelope (fme, fma, fmd, fms, fmr).

AM multiplies the signal by an LFO.

pad 4 am 0.5 amdepth .       ( 4 Hz tremolo )

Ring modulation multiplies two signals, producing sum and difference frequencies.

saw 150 rm 0.8 rmdepth .     ( ring mod at 150 Hz )

Phaser sweeps notches through the frequency spectrum using allpass filters.

pad 0.5 phaser 0.6 phaserdepth .

Flanger mixes the signal with a short modulated delay (0.5-10ms).

pad 0.3 flanger 0.7 flangerdepth 0.5 flangerfeedback .

Chorus uses multiple modulated delay lines with 120° phase offset for stereo width.

pad 1 chorus 0.4 chorusdepth 20 chorusdelay .