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New zifferjs documentation

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Miika Alonen
2023-12-09 23:47:12 +02:00
parent 204a5ae2ab
commit 819cca4385
12 changed files with 675 additions and 562 deletions
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16
index.html
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@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
</div>
</details>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_patterns" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Patterns</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_patterns" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Array patterns</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_midi" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">MIDI</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_osc" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">OSC</p>
</div>
@ -192,7 +192,19 @@
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_probabilities" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Probabilities</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_chaining" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Chaining</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_functions" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Functions</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_ziffers" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Ziffers</p>
<!-- Ziffers -->
<details class="space-y-2" open=false>
<summary class="ml-2 lg:text-xl pb-1 pt-1 text-white">Ziffers</summary>
<div class="flex flex-col">
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_ziffers_basics" class="ml-8 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Basics</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_ziffers_scales" class="ml-8 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Scales</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_ziffers_rhythm" class="ml-8 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Rhythm</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_ziffers_algorithmic" class="ml-8 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Algorithmic</p>
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_ziffers_tonnetz" class="ml-8 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Tonnetz</p>
</div>
</details>
<!--
<p rel="noopener noreferrer" id="docs_reference" class="pl-2 pr-2 lg:text-xl text-sm hover:bg-neutral-800 py-1 my-1 rounded-lg">Reference</p>
-->

14
src/Documentation.ts
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@ -31,7 +31,13 @@ import { functions } from "./documentation/functions";
import { variables } from "./documentation/variables";
import { probabilities } from "./documentation/probabilities";
import { lfos } from "./documentation/lfos";
import { ziffers } from "./documentation/ziffers";
import { ziffers_basics } from "./documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_basics";
import { ziffers_scales } from "./documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_scales";
import { ziffers_rhythm } from "./documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_rhythm";
import { ziffers_algorithmic } from "./documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_algorithmic";
import { ziffers_tonnetz } from "./documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_tonnetz";
import { synths } from "./documentation/synths";
// Setting up the Markdown converter with syntax highlighting
@ -91,7 +97,11 @@ export const documentation_factory = (application: Editor) => {
synths: synths(application),
chaining: chaining(application),
patterns: patterns(application),
ziffers: ziffers(application),
ziffers_basics: ziffers_basics(application),
ziffers_scales: ziffers_scales(application),
ziffers_algorithmic: ziffers_algorithmic(application),
ziffers_rhythm: ziffers_rhythm(application),
ziffers_tonnetz: ziffers_tonnetz(application),
midi: midi(application),
osc: osc(application),
lfos: lfos(application),

6
src/InterfaceLogic.ts
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@ -502,7 +502,11 @@ export const installInterfaceLogic = (app: Editor) => {
"synths",
"chaining",
"patterns",
"ziffers",
"ziffers_basics",
"ziffers_scales",
"ziffers_rhythm",
"ziffers_algorithmic",
"ziffers_tonnetz",
"midi",
"osc",
"functions",

3
src/Utils/Generic.ts
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@ -85,3 +85,6 @@ export function filterObject(
Object.entries(obj).filter(([key]) => filter.includes(key)),
);
}
export const GeneratorType = (function*(){yield undefined;}).constructor;
export const GeneratorIteratorType = (function*(){yield undefined;}).prototype.constructor;

6
src/classes/ZPlayer.ts
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { SkipEvent } from "./SkipEvent";
import { SoundEvent, SoundParams } from "./SoundEvent";
import { MidiEvent, MidiParams } from "./MidiEvent";
import { RestEvent } from "./RestEvent";
import { arrayOfObjectsToObjectWithArrays } from "../Utils/Generic";
import { GeneratorIteratorType, GeneratorType, arrayOfObjectsToObjectWithArrays } from "../Utils/Generic";
import { TonnetzSpaces } from "zifferjs/src/tonnetz";
export type InputOptions = { [key: string]: string | number };
@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ export class Player extends AbstractEvent {
} else if (typeof input === "number") {
this.input = input;
this.ziffers = Ziffers.fromNumber(input, options);
} else {
} else if (input.constructor === GeneratorType || input.constructor === GeneratorIteratorType){
this.ziffers = Ziffers.fromGenerator(input, options);
this.input = this.ziffers.input;
} else {
throw new Error("Invalid input");
}
this.zid = zid;
}

2
src/documentation/patterns.ts
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { makeExampleFactory } from "../Documentation";
export const patterns = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Patterns
# Array patterns
**Topos** is using arrays as a way to make dynamic patterns of data (rhythms, melodies, etc).
It means that the following:

62
src/documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_algorithmic.ts Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
import { type Editor } from "../../../main";
import { makeExampleFactory } from "../../../Documentation";
export const ziffers_algorithmic = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Algorithmic operations
Ziffers provides shorthands for **many** numeric and algorithimic operations such as evaluating random numbers and creating sequences using list operations:
* **List operations:** Cartesian operation (_e.g._ <ic>(3 2 1)+(2 5)</ic>) using the <ic>+</ic> operator. All the arithmetic operators are supported.
${makeExample(
"Element-wise operations for melodic generation",
`
z1("1/8 _ 0 (0 1 3)+(1 2) 0 (2 3 5)-(1 2)").sound('sine')
.scale('pentatonic').fmi([0.25,0.5].beat(2)).fmh([2,4].beat(2))
.room(0.9).size(0.9).sustain(0.1).delay(0.5).delay(0.125)
.delayfb(0.25).out();
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"List operations",
`
z1('q (0 3 1 5)+(2 5) e (0 5 2)*(2 3) (0 5 2)>>(2 3) (0 5 2)%(2 3)').sound('sine')
.scale("Bebop major")
.out()
`,
true,
)}
* **Random numbers:** <ic>(4,6)</ic> Random number between 4 and 6
${makeExample(
"Random numbers, true computer music at last!",
`
z1("s _ (0,8) 0 0 (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).scale('minor')
.fmdec(0.25).fmi(2).fmh([0.5, 0.25].beat(2))
.room(0.9).size(0.5).sustain(0.1) .delay(0.5)
.delay(0.125).delayfb(0.25).out();
beat(.5) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(.5)).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Random numbers",
`
z1('q 0 (2,4) 4 (5,9)').sound('sine')
.scale("Bebop minor")
.out()
`,
true,
)}
* **Variables:** <ic>A=(0 2 3 4)</ic> Assign a list to a variable
`;
};

296
src/documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_basics.ts Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
import { type Editor } from "../../../main";
import { makeExampleFactory } from "../../../Documentation";
export const ziffers_basics = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Ziffers
Ziffers is a **musical number based notation** tuned for _live coding_. It is a very powerful and flexible notation for describing musical patterns in very few characters. Number based musical notation has a long history and has been used for centuries as a shorthand technique for music notation. Amiika has written [papers](https://zenodo.org/record/7841945) and other documents describing his system. It is currently implemented for many live coding platforms including [Sardine](https://sardine.raphaelforment.fr) (Raphaël Forment) and [Sonic Pi](https://sonic-pi.net/) (Sam Aaron). Ziffers can be used for:
- composing melodies using using **classical music notation and concepts**.
- exploring **generative / aleatoric / stochastic** melodies and applying them to sounds and synths.
- embracing a different mindset and approach to time and **patterning**.
${makeExample(
"Super Fancy Ziffers example",
`
z1('1/8 024!3 035 024 0124').sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .4, 0.5, .4).gain(0.1)
.lpadsr(4, 0, .2, 0, 0)
.cutoff(5000 + usine(1/2) * 2000)
.n([1,2,4].beat(4)).out()
z2('<1/8 1/16> __ 0 <(^) (^ ^)> (0,8)').sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .5, 0.5, .4).gain(0.2)
.lpadsr(4, 0, .2, 0, 0).n(14)
.cutoff(200 + usine(1/2) * 4000)
.n([1,2,4].beat(4)).o(2).room(0.9).out()
let osci = 1500 + usine(1/2) * 2000;
z3('can can:2').sound().gain(1).cutoff(osci).out()
z4('1/4 kick kick snare kick').sound().gain(1).cutoff(osci).out()
`,
true,
)}
## Notation
The basic Ziffer notation is entirely written in JavaScript strings (_e.g_ <ic>"0 1 2"</ic>). It consists mostly of numbers and letters. The whitespace character is used as a separator. Instead of note names, Ziffer is using numbers to represent musical pitch and letters to represent musical durations. Alternatively, _floating point numbers_ can also be used to represent durations.
| Syntax | Symbol | Description |
|------------ |--------|------------------------|
| **Pitches** | <ic>0-9</ic> <ic>{10 11 21}</ic> | Numbers or escaped numbers in curly brackets |
| **Duration** | <ic>0.25</ic>, <ic>0.5</ic> | Floating point numbers can also be used as durations |
| **Duration** | <ic>1/4</ic>, <ic>1/16</ic> | Fractions can be used as durations |
| **Subdivision** | <ic>[1 [2 3]]</ic> | Durations can be subdivided using square brackets |
| **Cycles** | <ic>1 <2 4></ic> | Cycle values within the pattern |
| **Octave** | <ic>^ _</ic> | <ic>^</ic> for octave up and <ic>_</ic> for octave down |
| **Accidentals** | <ic># b</ic> | Sharp and flats, just like with regular music notation :smile: |
| **Rest** | <ic>r</ic> | Rest / silences |
| **Repeat** | <ic>!1-9</ic> | Repeat the item 1 to 9 times |
| **Chords** | <ic>[1-9]+ / [iv]+ / [AG]+name</ic> | Multiple pitches grouped together, roman numerals or named chords |
| **Samples** | <ic>[a-z0-9_]+</ic> | Samples can be used pitched or unpitched |
| **Index/Channel** | <ic>[a-z0-9]+:[0-9]*</ic> | Samples or midi channel can be changed using a colon |
**Note:** Some features are experimental and some are still unsupported. For full / prior syntax see article about <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7841945" target="_blank">Ziffers</a>.
${makeExample(
"Pitches from 0 to 9",
`
z1('0.25 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9').sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).out()`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Escaped pitches using curly brackets",
`z1('_ _ 0 {9 10 11} 4 {12 13 14}')
.sound('wt_05').pan(r(0,1))
.cutoff(usaw(1/2) * 4000)
.room(0.9).size(0.9).out()`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Durations using fractions and floating point numbers",
`
z1('1/8 0 2 4 0 2 4 1/4 0 3 5 0.25 _ 0 7 0 7')
.sound('square').delay(0.5).delayt(1/8)
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).delayfb(0.45).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Disco was invented thanks to Ziffers",
`
z1('e _ _ 0 ^ 0 _ 0 ^ 0').sound('jvbass').out()
beat(1)::snd('bd').out(); beat(2)::snd('sd').out()
beat(3) :: snd('cp').room(0.5).size(0.5).orbit(2).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Accidentals and rests for nice melodies",
`
z1('^ 1/8 0 1 b2 3 4 _ 4 b5 4 3 b2 1 0')
.scale('major').sound('triangle')
.cutoff(500).lpadsr(5, 0, 1/12, 0, 0)
.fmi(0.5).fmh(2).delay(0.5).delayt(1/3)
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Repeat items n-times",
`
z1('1/8 _ _ 0!4 3!4 4!4 3!4')
.scale('major').sound('wt_oboe')
.shape(0.2).sustain(0.1).out()
z2('1/8 _ 0!4 5!4 4!2 7!2')
.scale('major').sound('wt_oboe')
.shape(0.2).sustain(0.1).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Subdivided durations",
`
z1('w [0 [5 [3 7]]] h [0 4]')
.scale('major').sound('sine')
.fmi(usine(.5)).fmh(2).out()
`,
false,
)}
## Chords
Chords can be build by grouping pitches or using roman numeral notation, or by using named chords.
${makeExample(
"Chords from pitches",
`
z1('1.0 024 045 058 046 014')
.sound('sine').adsr(0.5, 1, 0, 0)
.room(0.5).size(0.9)
.scale("minor").out()
`,
true
)}
${makeExample(
"Chords from roman numerals",
`
z1('2/4 i vi ii v')
.sound('triangle').adsr(0.2, 0.3, 0, 0)
.room(0.5).size(0.9).scale("major").out()
`,
true
)}
${makeExample(
"Named chords with repeats",
`
z1('0.25 Bmaj7!2 D7!2 _ Gmaj7!2 Bb7!2 ^ Ebmaj7!2')
.sound('square').room(0.5).cutoff(500)
.lpadsr(4, 0, .4, 0, 0).size(0.9)
.scale("major").out()
`,
true
)}
${makeExample(
"Transposing chords",
`
z1('q Amin!2').key(["A2", "E2"].beat(4))
.sound('sawtooth').cutoff(500)
.lpadsr(2, 0, .5, 0, 0, 0).out()`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Chord transposition with roman numerals",
`
z1('i i v%-4 v%-2 vi%-5 vi%-3 iv%-2 iv%-1')
.sound('triangle').adsr(1/16, 1/5, 0.1, 0)
.delay(0.5).delayt([1/8, 1/4].beat(4))
.delayfb(0.5).out()
beat(4) :: sound('breaks165').stretch(4).out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Chord transposition with named chords",
`
z1('1/4 Cmin!3 Fmin!3 Fmin%-1 Fmin%-2 Fmin%-1')
.sound("sine").bpf(500 + usine(1/4) * 2000)
.out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Programmatic inversions",
`
z1('1/6 i v 1/3 vi iv').invert([1,-1,-2,0].beat(4))
.sound("sawtooth").cutoff(1000)
.lpadsr(2, 0, .2, 0, 0).out()
`,
)}
## Synchronization
Ziffers numbered methods **(z0-z16)** can be used to parse and play patterns. Each method is individually cached and can be used to play multiple patterns simultaneously. By default, each Ziffers expression can have a different duration. This system is thus necessary to make everything fit together in a loop-based environment like Topos.
Numbered methods are synced automatically to **z0** method if it exsists. Syncing can also be done manually by using either the <ic>wait</ic> method, which will always wait for the current pattern to finish before starting the next cycle, or the <ic>sync</ic> method will only wait for the synced pattern to finish on the first time.
${makeExample(
"Automatic sync to z0",
`
z0('w 0 8').sound('peri').out()
z1('e 0 4 5 9').sound('bell').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Sync with wait",
`
z1('w 0 5').sound('pluck').release(0.1).sustain(0.25).out()
z2('q 6 3').wait(z1).sound('sine').release(0.16).sustain(0.55).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Sync on first run",
`
z1('w __ 0 5 9 3').sound('bin').out()
z2('q __ 4 2 e 6 3 q 6').sync(z1).sound('east').out()
`,
true,
)}
## Examples
- Basic notation
${makeExample(
"Simple method chaining",
`
z1('0 1 2 3').key('G3')
.scale('minor').sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"More complex chaining",
`
z1('0 1 2 3 4').key('G3').scale('minor').sound('sine').often(n => n.pitch+=3).rarely(s => s.delay(0.5)).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Simple options",
`
z1('0 3 2 4',{key: 'D3', scale: 'minor pentatonic'}).sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Rest and octaves",
`
z1('q 0 ^ e0 r _ 0 _ r 4 ^4 4')
.sound('sine').scale("godian").out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Rests with durations",
`
z1('q 0 4 e^r 3 e3 0.5^r h4 1/4^r e 5 r 0.125^r 0')
.sound('sine').scale("aeryptian").out()
`,
true,
)}
## String prototypes
You can also use string prototypes as an alternative syntax for creating Ziffers patterns
${makeExample(
"String prototypes",
`
"q 0 e 5 2 6 2 q 3".z0().sound('sine').out()
"q 2 7 8 6".z1().octave(-1).sound('sine').out()
"q 2 7 8 6".z2({key: "C2", scale: "aeolian"}).sound('sine').scale("minor").out()
`,
true,
)}
`;
};

157
src/documentation/patterns/ziffers/ziffers_rhythm.ts Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
import { type Editor } from "../../../main";
import { makeExampleFactory } from "../../../Documentation";
export const ziffers_rhythm = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Rhythm
Ziffers combines rhythmic and melodic notation into a single pattern language. This means that you can use the same pattern to describe both the rhythm and the melody of a musical phrase similarly to the way it is done in traditional music notation.
${makeExample(
"Duration chars",
`
z1('q 0 0 4 4 5 5 h4 q 3 3 2 2 1 1 h0').sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Fraction durations",
`
z1('1/4 0 0 4 4 5 5 2/4 4 1/4 3 3 2 2 1 1 2/4 0')
.sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Decimal durations",
`
z1('0.25 5 1 2 6 0.125 3 8 0.5 4 1.0 0')
.sound('sine').scale("galian").out()
`,
true,
)}
## List of all duration characters
Ziffers maps the following duration characters to the corresponding note lengths.
| Character | Fraction | Duration | Name (US) | Name (UK) |
| ----- | ----- | ------- | ----- |
| m.. | 14/1 | 14.0 | Double dotted maxima | Double dotted Large
| m. | 12/1 | 12.0 | Dotted maxima | Dotted Large |
| m | 8/1 | 8.0 | Maxima | Large |
| l.. | 7/1 | 7.0 | Double dotted long note | Double dotted longa |
| l. | 6/1 | 6.0 | Long dotted note | Longa dotted |
| l | 4/1 | 4.0 | Long | Longa |
| p | 8/3 | 2.6666 | Triplet maxima | Triplet longa |
| d.. | 7/2 | 3.5 | Double dotted long note | Double dotted breve |
| d. | 3/3 | 3.0 | Double whole note | Double breve |
| d | 2/1 | 2.0 | Double whole note | Breve |
| c | 4/3 | 1.3333 | Triplet long | Triplet breve |
| w.. | 7/4 | 1.75 | Double dotted whole note | Double dotted breve |
| w. | 3/2 | 1.5 | Dotted whole note | Dotted breve |
| w | 1/1 | 1.0 | Whole note | Semibreve |
| y | 2/3 | 0.6666 | Triplet half | Triplet semibreve |
| h.. | 7/8 | 0.875 | Double dotted half note | Double dotted minim |
| h. | 3/4 | 0.75 | Dotted half note | Dotted minim |
| h | 1/2 | 0.5 | Half note  | Minim |
| n | 1/3 | 0.3333 | Triplet whole | Triplet minim |
| q.. | 7/16 | 0.4375 | Double dotted quarter note | Double dotted crotchet |
| q. | 3/8 | 0.375 | Dotted quarter note | Dotted crotchet |
| q | 1/4 | 0.25 | Quarter note | Crotchet |
| a | 1/6 | 0.1666 | Triplet quarter | Triplet crochet  |
| e.. | 7/32 | 0.2187 | Double dotted eighth note | Double dotted quaver |
| e. | 3/16 | 0.1875 | Dotted eighth note | Dotted quaver |
| e | 1/8 | 0.125 | 8th note | Quaver |
| f | 1/12 | 0.0833 | Triplet 8th | Triplet quaver |
| s.. | 7/64 | 0.1093 | Double dotted sixteenth note | Double dotted semiquaver |
| s. | 3/32 | 0.0937 | Dotted sixteenth note | Dotted semiquaver |
| s | 1/16 | 0.0625 | 16th note | Semiquaver |
| x | 1/24 | 0.0416 | Triplet 16th | Triplet semiquaver |
| t.. | 7/128 | 0.0546 | Double dotted thirty-second note | Double dotted demisemiquaver |
| t. | 3/64 | 0.0468 | Dotted thirty-second note | Dotted demisemiquaver |
| t | 1/32 | 0.0312 | 32th note | Demisemiquaver |
| g | 1/48 | 0.0208 | Triplet 32th | Triplet demi-semiquaver |
| u.. | 7/256 | 0.0273 | Double dotted sixty-fourth note | Double dotted hemidemisemiquaver |
| u. | 3/128 | 0.0234 | Dotted sixty-fourth note | Dotted hemidemisemiquaver |
| u | 1/64 | 0.0156 | 64th note | Hemidemisemiquaver |
| j | 1/96 | 0.0104 | Triplet 64th | Triplet hemidemisemiquaver |
| o.. | 7/512 | 0.0136 | Double dotted 128th note | Double dotted semihemidemisemiquaver |
| o. | 3/256 | 0.0117 | Dotted 128th note | Dotted semihemidemisemiquaver |
| o | 1/128 | 0.0078 | 128th note | Semihemidemisemiquaver |
| k | 1/192 | 0.0052 | Triplet 128th | Triplet semihemidemisemiquaver |
| z | 0/1 | 0.0 | No length | No length |
## Samples
Samples can be patterned using the sample names or using <c>@</c>-operator for assigning sample to a pitch. Sample index can be changed using the <c>:</c> operator.
${makeExample(
"Sampled drums",
`
z1('bd [hh hh]').octave(-2).sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"More complex pattern",
`
z1('bd [hh <hh <cp cp:2>>]').octave(-2).sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples",
`
z1('0@sax 3@sax 2@sax 6@sax')
.octave(-1).sound()
.adsr(0.25,0.125,0.125,0.25).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples from list operation",
`
z1('e (0 3 -1 4)+(-1 0 2 1)@sine')
.key('G4')
.scale('110 220 320 450')
.sound().out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples with list notation",
`
z1('e (0 2 6 3 5 -2)@sax (0 2 6 3 5 -2)@arp')
.octave(-1).sound()
.adsr(0.25,0.125,0.125,0.25).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Sample indices",
`
z1('e 1:2 4:3 6:2')
.octave(-1).sound("east").out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples with sample indices",
`
z1('_e 1@east:2 4@bd:3 6@arp:2 9@baa').sound().out()
`,
true,
)}
`;
};

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import { type Editor } from "../../../main";
import { makeExampleFactory } from "../../../Documentation";
export const ziffers_scales = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Scales
Ziffers supports all the keys and scales. Keys can be defined by using [scientific pitch notation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation), for example <ic>F3</ic>. Western style (1490 scales) can be with scale names named after greek modes and extended by [William Zeitler](https://ianring.com/musictheory/scales/traditions/zeitler). You will never really run out of scales to play with using Ziffers. Here is a short list of some possible scales that you can play with:
| Scale name | Intervals |
|------------|------------------------|
| Lydian | <ic>2221221</ic> |
| Mixolydian | <ic>2212212</ic> |
| Aeolian | <ic>2122122</ic> |
| Locrian | <ic>1221222</ic> |
| Ionian | <ic>2212221</ic> |
| Dorian | <ic>2122212</ic> |
| Phrygian | <ic>1222122</ic> |
| Soryllic | <ic>11122122</ic>|
| Modimic | <ic>412122</ic> |
| Ionalian | <ic>1312122</ic> |
| ... | And it goes on for **1490** scales |
${makeExample(
"What the hell is the Modimic scale?",
`
z1("s (0,8) 0 0 (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.scale('modimic').fmi(2).fmh(2).room(0.5)
.size(0.5).sustain(0.1) .delay(0.5)
.delay(0.125).delayfb(0.25).out();
beat(.5) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(.5)).out()
`,
true,
)}
You can also use more traditional <a href="https://ianring.com/musictheory/scales/traditions/western" target="_blank">western names</a>:
| Scale name | Intervals |
|------------|------------------------|
| Major | <ic>2212221</ic> |
| Minor | <ic>2122122</ic> |
| Minor pentatonic | <ic>32232</ic> |
| Harmonic minor | <ic>2122131</ic>|
| Harmonic major | <ic>2212131</ic>|
| Melodic minor | <ic>2122221</ic>|
| Melodic major | <ic>2212122</ic>|
| Whole | <ic>222222</ic> |
| Blues minor | <ic>321132</ic> |
| Blues major | <ic>211323</ic> |
${makeExample(
"Let's fall back to a classic blues minor scale",
`
z1("s (0,8) 0 0 (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.scale('blues minor').fmi(2).fmh(2).room(0.5)
.size(0.5).sustain(0.25).delay(0.25)
.delay(0.25).delayfb(0.5).out();
beat(1, 1.75) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(1)).out()
`,
true,
)}
Microtonal scales can be defined using <a href="https://www.huygens-fokker.org/scala/scl_format.html" target="_blank">Scala format</a> or by extended notation defined by Sevish <a href="https://sevish.com/scaleworkshop/" target="_blank">Scale workshop</a>, for example:
- **Young:** 106. 198. 306.2 400.1 502. 604. 697.9 806.1 898.1 1004.1 1102. 1200.
- **Wendy carlos:** 17/16 9/8 6/5 5/4 4/3 11/8 3/2 13/8 5/3 7/4 15/8 2/1
${makeExample(
"Wendy Carlos, here we go!",
`
z1("s ^ (0,8) 0 0 _ (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.scale('17/16 9/8 6/5 5/4 4/3 11/8 3/2 13/8 5/3 7/4 15/8 2/1').fmi(2).fmh(2).room(0.5)
.size(0.5).sustain(0.15).delay(0.1)
.delay(0.25).delayfb(0.5).out();
beat(1, 1.75) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(1)).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Werckmeister scale in Scala format",
`
const werckmeister = "107.82 203.91 311.72 401.955 503.91 605.865 701.955 809.775 900. 1007.82 1103.91 1200."
z0('s (0,3) ^ 0 3 ^ 0 (3,6) 0 _ (3,5) 0 _ 3 ^ 0 (3,5) ^ 0 6 0 _ 3 0')
.key('C3')
.scale(werckmeister)
.sound('sine')
.fmi(1 + usine(0.5) * irand(1,10))
.cutoff(100 + usine(.5) * 100)
.out()
onbeat(1,1.5,3) :: sound('bd').cutoff(100 + usine(.25) * 1000).out()
`,
true,
)}
`;
};

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import { type Editor } from "../../../main";
import { makeExampleFactory } from "../../../Documentation";
export const ziffers_tonnetz = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Tonnetz
* TBD
${makeExample(
"Triad transformations",
`
z1('i').tonnetz("p l r").sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).out()`,
true,
)}
`;
};

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import { type Editor } from "../main";
import { makeExampleFactory } from "../Documentation";
export const ziffers = (application: Editor): string => {
const makeExample = makeExampleFactory(application);
return `
# Ziffers
Ziffers is a **musical number based notation** tuned for _live coding_. It is a very powerful and flexible notation for describing musical patterns in very few characters. Number based musical notation has a long history and has been used for centuries as a shorthand technique for music notation. Amiika has written [papers](https://zenodo.org/record/7841945) and other documents describing his system. It is currently implemented for many live coding platforms including [Sardine](https://sardine.raphaelforment.fr) (Raphaël Forment) and [Sonic Pi](https://sonic-pi.net/) (Sam Aaron). Ziffers can be used for:
- composing melodies using using **classical music notation and concepts**.
- exploring **generative / aleatoric / stochastic** melodies and applying them to sounds and synths.
- embracing a different mindset and approach to time and **patterning**.
${makeExample(
"Super Fancy Ziffers example",
`
z1('1/8 024!3 035 024 0124').sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .4, 0.5, .4).gain(0.1)
.lpadsr(4, 0, .2, 0, 0)
.cutoff(5000 + usine(1/2) * 2000)
.n([1,2,4].beat(4)).out()
z2('<1/8 1/16> __ 0 <(^) (^ ^)> (0,8)').sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .5, 0.5, .4).gain(0.2)
.lpadsr(4, 0, .2, 0, 0).n(14)
.cutoff(200 + usine(1/2) * 4000)
.n([1,2,4].beat(4)).o(2).room(0.9).out()
let osci = 1500 + usine(1/2) * 2000;
z3('can can:2').sound().gain(1).cutoff(osci).out()
z4('1/4 kick kick snare kick').sound().gain(1).cutoff(osci).out()
`,
true,
)}
## Notation
The basic Ziffer notation is entirely written in JavaScript strings (_e.g_ <ic>"0 1 2"</ic>). It consists mostly of numbers and letters. The whitespace character is used as a separator. Instead of note names, Ziffer is using numbers to represent musical pitch and letters to represent musical durations. Alternatively, _floating point numbers_ can also be used to represent durations.
| Syntax | Symbol | Description |
|------------ |--------|------------------------|
| **Pitches** | <ic>0-9</ic> <ic>{10 11 21}</ic> | Numbers or escaped numbers in curly brackets |
| **Duration** | <ic>0.25</ic>, <ic>0.5</ic> | Floating point numbers can also be used as durations |
| **Duration** | <ic>1/4</ic>, <ic>1/16</ic> | Fractions can be used as durations |
| **Subdivision** | <ic>[1 [2 3]]</ic> | Durations can be subdivided using square brackets |
| **Octave** | <ic>^ _</ic> | <ic>^</ic> for octave up and <ic>_</ic> for octave down |
| **Accidentals** | <ic># b</ic> | Sharp and flats, just like with regular music notation :smile: |
| **Rest** | <ic>r</ic> | Rest / silences |
| **Repeat** | <ic>!1-9</ic> | Repeat the item 1 to 9 times |
| **Chords** | <ic>[1-9]+ / [iv]+ / [AG]+name</ic> | Multiple pitches grouped together, roman numerals or named chords |
| **Samples** | <ic>[a-z0-9_]+</ic> | Samples can be used pitched or unpitched |
| **Index/Channel** | <ic>[a-z0-9]+:[0-9]*</ic> | Samples or midi channel can be changed using a colon |
**Note:** Some features are experimental and some are still unsupported. For full / prior syntax see article about <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7841945" target="_blank">Ziffers</a>.
${makeExample(
"Pitches from 0 to 9",
`
z1('0.25 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9').sound('wt_stereo')
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).out()`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Escaped pitches using curly brackets",
`z1('_ _ 0 {9 10 11} 4 {12 13 14}')
.sound('wt_05').pan(r(0,1))
.cutoff(usaw(1/2) * 4000)
.room(0.9).size(0.9).out()`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Durations using fractions and floating point numbers",
`
z1('1/8 0 2 4 0 2 4 1/4 0 3 5 0.25 _ 0 7 0 7')
.sound('square').delay(0.5).delayt(1/8)
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).delayfb(0.45).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Disco was invented thanks to Ziffers",
`
z1('e _ _ 0 ^ 0 _ 0 ^ 0').sound('jvbass').out()
beat(1)::snd('bd').out(); beat(2)::snd('sd').out()
beat(3) :: snd('cp').room(0.5).size(0.5).orbit(2).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Accidentals and rests for nice melodies",
`
z1('^ 1/8 0 1 b2 3 4 _ 4 b5 4 3 b2 1 0')
.scale('major').sound('triangle')
.cutoff(500).lpadsr(5, 0, 1/12, 0, 0)
.fmi(0.5).fmh(2).delay(0.5).delayt(1/3)
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Repeat items n-times",
`
z1('1/8 _ _ 0!4 3!4 4!4 3!4')
.scale('major').sound('wt_oboe')
.shape(0.2).sustain(0.1).out()
z2('1/8 _ 0!4 5!4 4!2 7!2')
.scale('major').sound('wt_oboe')
.shape(0.2).sustain(0.1).out()
`,
false,
)}
${makeExample(
"Subdivided durations",
`
z1('w [0 [5 [3 7]]] h [0 4]')
.scale('major').sound('sine')
.fmi(usine(.5)).fmh(2).out()
`,
false,
)}
## Chords
Chords can be build by grouping pitches or using roman numeral notation, or by using named chords.
${makeExample(
"Chords from pitches",
`
z1('1.0 024 045 058 046 014')
.sound('sine').adsr(0.5, 1, 0, 0)
.room(0.5).size(0.9)
.scale("minor").out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Chords from roman numerals",
`
z1('2/4 i vi ii v')
.sound('triangle').adsr(0.2, 0.3, 0, 0)
.room(0.5).size(0.9).scale("major").out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Named chords with repeats",
`
z1('0.25 Bmaj7!2 D7!2 _ Gmaj7!2 Bb7!2 ^ Ebmaj7!2')
.sound('square').room(0.5).cutoff(500)
.lpadsr(4, 0, .4, 0, 0).size(0.9)
.scale("major").out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Transposing chords",
`
z1('q Amin!2').key(["A2", "E2"].beat(4))
.sound('sawtooth').cutoff(500)
.lpadsr(2, 0, .5, 0, 0, 0).out()`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Chord transposition with roman numerals",
`
z1('i i v%-4 v%-2 vi%-5 vi%-3 iv%-2 iv%-1')
.sound('triangle').adsr(1/16, 1/5, 0.1, 0)
.delay(0.5).delayt([1/8, 1/4].beat(4))
.delayfb(0.5).out()
beat(4) :: sound('breaks165').stretch(4).out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Chord transposition with named chords",
`
z1('1/4 Cmin!3 Fmin!3 Fmin%-1 Fmin%-2 Fmin%-1')
.sound("sine").bpf(500 + usine(1/4) * 2000)
.out()
`,
)}
${makeExample(
"Programmatic inversions",
`
z1('1/6 i v 1/3 vi iv').invert([1,-1,-2,0].beat(4))
.sound("sawtooth").cutoff(1000)
.lpadsr(2, 0, .2, 0, 0).out()
`,
)}
## Algorithmic operations
Ziffers provides shorthands for **many** numeric and algorithimic operations such as evaluating random numbers and creating sequences using list operations:
* **List operations:** Cartesian operation (_e.g._ <ic>(3 2 1)+(2 5)</ic>) using the <ic>+</ic> operator. All the arithmetic operators are supported.
${makeExample(
"Element-wise operations for melodic generation",
`
z1("1/8 _ 0 (0 1 3)+(1 2) 0 (2 3 5)-(1 2)").sound('sine')
.scale('pentatonic').fmi([0.25,0.5].beat(2)).fmh([2,4].beat(2))
.room(0.9).size(0.9).sustain(0.1).delay(0.5).delay(0.125)
.delayfb(0.25).out();
`,
true,
)}
* **Random numbers:** <ic>(4,6)</ic> Random number between 4 and 6
${makeExample(
"Random numbers, true computer music at last!",
`
z1("s _ (0,8) 0 0 (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.adsr(0, .1, 0, 0).scale('minor')
.fmdec(0.25).fmi(2).fmh([0.5, 0.25].beat(2))
.room(0.9).size(0.5).sustain(0.1) .delay(0.5)
.delay(0.125).delayfb(0.25).out();
beat(.5) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(.5)).out()
`,
true,
)}
## Keys and scales
Ziffers supports all the keys and scales. Keys can be defined by using [scientific pitch notation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation), for example <ic>F3</ic>. Western style (1490 scales) can be with scale names named after greek modes and extended by [William Zeitler](https://ianring.com/musictheory/scales/traditions/zeitler). You will never really run out of scales to play with using Ziffers. Here is a short list of some possible scales that you can play with:
| Scale name | Intervals |
|------------|------------------------|
| Lydian | <ic>2221221</ic> |
| Mixolydian | <ic>2212212</ic> |
| Aeolian | <ic>2122122</ic> |
| Locrian | <ic>1221222</ic> |
| Ionian | <ic>2212221</ic> |
| Dorian | <ic>2122212</ic> |
| Phrygian | <ic>1222122</ic> |
| Soryllic | <ic>11122122</ic>|
| Modimic | <ic>412122</ic> |
| Ionalian | <ic>1312122</ic> |
| ... | And it goes on for **1490** scales |
${makeExample(
"What the hell is the Modimic scale?",
`
z1("s (0,8) 0 0 (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.scale('modimic').fmi(2).fmh(2).room(0.5)
.size(0.5).sustain(0.1) .delay(0.5)
.delay(0.125).delayfb(0.25).out();
beat(.5) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(.5)).out()
`,
true,
)}
<ic></ic>
You can also use more traditional <a href="https://ianring.com/musictheory/scales/traditions/western" target="_blank">western names</a>:
| Scale name | Intervals |
|------------|------------------------|
| Major | <ic>2212221</ic> |
| Minor | <ic>2122122</ic> |
| Minor pentatonic | <ic>32232</ic> |
| Harmonic minor | <ic>2122131</ic>|
| Harmonic major | <ic>2212131</ic>|
| Melodic minor | <ic>2122221</ic>|
| Melodic major | <ic>2212122</ic>|
| Whole | <ic>222222</ic> |
| Blues minor | <ic>321132</ic> |
| Blues major | <ic>211323</ic> |
${makeExample(
"Let's fall back to a classic blues minor scale",
`
z1("s (0,8) 0 0 (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.scale('blues minor').fmi(2).fmh(2).room(0.5)
.size(0.5).sustain(0.25).delay(0.25)
.delay(0.25).delayfb(0.5).out();
beat(1, 1.75) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(1)).out()
`,
true,
)}
Microtonal scales can be defined using <a href="https://www.huygens-fokker.org/scala/scl_format.html" target="_blank">Scala format</a> or by extended notation defined by Sevish <a href="https://sevish.com/scaleworkshop/" target="_blank">Scale workshop</a>, for example:
- **Young:** 106. 198. 306.2 400.1 502. 604. 697.9 806.1 898.1 1004.1 1102. 1200.
- **Wendy carlos:** 17/16 9/8 6/5 5/4 4/3 11/8 3/2 13/8 5/3 7/4 15/8 2/1
${makeExample(
"Wendy Carlos, here we go!",
`
z1("s ^ (0,8) 0 0 _ (0,5) 0 0").sound('sine')
.scale('17/16 9/8 6/5 5/4 4/3 11/8 3/2 13/8 5/3 7/4 15/8 2/1').fmi(2).fmh(2).room(0.5)
.size(0.5).sustain(0.15).delay(0.1)
.delay(0.25).delayfb(0.5).out();
beat(1, 1.75) :: snd(['kick', 'hat'].beat(1)).out()
`,
true,
)}
## Synchronization
Ziffers numbered methods **(z0-z16)** can be used to parse and play patterns. Each method is individually cached and can be used to play multiple patterns simultaneously. By default, each Ziffers expression can have a different duration. This system is thus necessary to make everything fit together in a loop-based environment like Topos.
Numbered methods are synced automatically to **z0** method if it exsists. Syncing can also be done manually by using either the <ic>wait</ic> method, which will always wait for the current pattern to finish before starting the next cycle, or the <ic>sync</ic> method will only wait for the synced pattern to finish on the first time.
${makeExample(
"Automatic sync to z0",
`
z0('w 0 8').sound('peri').out()
z1('e 0 4 5 9').sound('bell').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Sync with wait",
`
z1('w 0 5').sound('pluck').release(0.1).sustain(0.25).out()
z2('q 6 3').wait(z1).sound('sine').release(0.16).sustain(0.55).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Sync on first run",
`
z1('w __ 0 5 9 3').sound('bin').out()
z2('q __ 4 2 e 6 3 q 6').sync(z1).sound('east').out()
`,
true,
)}
## Examples
- Basic notation
${makeExample(
"Simple method chaining",
`
z1('0 1 2 3').key('G3')
.scale('minor').sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"More complex chaining",
`
z1('0 1 2 3 4').key('G3').scale('minor').sound('sine').often(n => n.pitch+=3).rarely(s => s.delay(0.5)).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Simple options",
`
z1('0 3 2 4',{key: 'D3', scale: 'minor pentatonic'}).sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Duration chars",
`
z1('q 0 0 4 4 5 5 h4 q 3 3 2 2 1 1 h0').sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Fraction durations",
`
z1('1/4 0 0 4 4 5 5 2/4 4 1/4 3 3 2 2 1 1 2/4 0')
.sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Decimal durations",
`
z1('0.25 5 1 2 6 0.125 3 8 0.5 4 1.0 0')
.sound('sine').scale("galian").out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Rest and octaves",
`
z1('q 0 ^ e0 r _ 0 _ r 4 ^4 4')
.sound('sine').scale("godian").out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Rests with durations",
`
z1('q 0 4 e^r 3 e3 0.5^r h4 1/4^r e 5 r 0.125^r 0')
.sound('sine').scale("aeryptian").out()
`,
true,
)}
- Scales
${makeExample(
"Microtonal scales",
`
z1('q 0 3 {10 14} e 8 4 {5 10 12 14 7 0}').sound('sine')
.fmi([1,2,4,8].pick())
.scale("17/16 9/8 6/5 5/4 4/3 11/8 3/2 13/8 5/3 7/4 15/8 2/1")
.out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Scala scale from variable",
`
const werckmeister = "107.82 203.91 311.72 401.955 503.91 605.865 701.955 809.775 900. 1007.82 1103.91 1200."
z0('s (0,3) ^ 0 3 ^ 0 (3,6) 0 _ (3,5) 0 _ 3 ^ 0 (3,5) ^ 0 6 0 _ 3 0')
.key('C3')
.scale(werckmeister)
.sound('sine')
.fmi(1 + usine(0.5) * irand(1,10))
.cutoff(100 + usine(.5) * 100)
.out()
onbeat(1,1.5,3) :: sound('bd').cutoff(100 + usine(.25) * 1000).out()
`,
true,
)}
- Algorithmic operations
${makeExample(
"Random numbers",
`
z1('q 0 (2,4) 4 (5,9)').sound('sine')
.scale("Bebop minor")
.out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"List operations",
`
z1('q (0 3 1 5)+(2 5) e (0 5 2)*(2 3) (0 5 2)>>(2 3) (0 5 2)%(2 3)').sound('sine')
.scale("Bebop major")
.out()
`,
true,
)}
## Samples
Samples can be patterned using the sample names or using <c>@</c>-operator for assigning sample to a pitch. Sample index can be changed using the <c>:</c> operator.
${makeExample(
"Sampled drums",
`
z1('bd [hh hh]').octave(-2).sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"More complex pattern",
`
z1('bd [hh <hh <cp cp:2>>]').octave(-2).sound('sine').out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples",
`
z1('0@sax 3@sax 2@sax 6@sax')
.octave(-1).sound()
.adsr(0.25,0.125,0.125,0.25).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples from list operation",
`
z1('e (0 3 -1 4)+(-1 0 2 1)@sine')
.key('G4')
.scale('110 220 320 450')
.sound().out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples with list notation",
`
z1('e (0 2 6 3 5 -2)@sax (0 2 6 3 5 -2)@arp')
.octave(-1).sound()
.adsr(0.25,0.125,0.125,0.25).out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Sample indices",
`
z1('e 1:2 4:3 6:2')
.octave(-1).sound("east").out()
`,
true,
)}
${makeExample(
"Pitched samples with sample indices",
`
z1('_e 1@east:2 4@bd:3 6@arp:2 9@baa').sound().out()
`,
true,
)}
## String prototypes
You can also use string prototypes as an alternative syntax for creating Ziffers patterns
${makeExample(
"String prototypes",
`
"q 0 e 5 2 6 2 q 3".z0().sound('sine').out()
"q 2 7 8 6".z1().octave(-1).sound('sine').out()
"q 2 7 8 6".z2({key: "C2", scale: "aeolian"}).sound('sine').scale("minor").out()
`,
true,
)}
`;
};